Truss semi-submersible offshore floating structure

ABSTRACT

A semi-submersible structure. The hull includes four columns that are supported by two pontoons. The columns support the topsides and the topsides structural framing serves as horizontal framing between the columns. A truss frame is attached to the columns. The truss frame preferably includes heave plates. The truss frame extends downward below the pontoons a sufficient distance in the water such that it minimizes motions caused by environmental forces. The hull section and the truss space frame are constructed separately and assembled together at the offshore site where the structure is used for drilling and/or production.

FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The invention is generally related to floating offshore structures andmore particularly to semi-submersible floating offshore structures.

The semi-submersible is a type of floating structure that has verticalcolumns supporting topsides and supported on large pontoons. Thestructure is held in position by the use of spread mooring lines thatare anchored to the seafloor. The semi-submersible has a number ofunique characteristics compared with other floating structures such as aspar and TLP (tension leg platform). These advantages include: Thesemi-submersible has good stability because of a large footprint and lowcenter of gravity for the topsides. The hull requires lower steeltonnage. The hull can be a new build or converted from an existingdrilling semi. The semi-submersible may include drilling capability. Thesemi-submersible can support a large number of flexible risers or SCRs(steel catenary risers) because of the space available on the pontoons.The topsides can be integrated at quayside and thus reduce cost and savescheduling time. The semi-submersible has a relatively short to mediumdevelopment schedule. The initial investment is relatively low.

The semi-submersible also has several deficiencies when compared withthe spar and TLP. The most significant is the large heave motion becauseof the shallower draft and large pontoons. As a result it has not beensuitable for a dry tree riser arrangement. The dry tree riserarrangement has significant economic benefit for well completion,work-over, and intervention during the life of the offshore productionfacility. Another problem from the large motion of the semi-submersibleis that it causes fatigue in the SCRs more easily, which requires morestringent fatigue design for the SCRs and thus costs more. For aplatform in ultra deepwater with large diameter SCRs, the solutions tothis problem could become technically or economically unfeasible.

The ideas that have been explored by the industry to overcome thesemi-submersible motion problem generally fall into the two categoriesbelow.

The first is a deep draft semi-submersible. The concept is to increasethe draft from the normal range from sixty to eighty feet to one hundredto one hundred ten feet so that the wave action at the keel is reducedand, thus, the structure will have less motion. This makes thesemi-submersible option feasible in some locations where theconventional semi-submersible would not be chosen because of thedifficulties in dealing with the SCR riser fatigue issues. However, theheave motion is still relatively large compared with spars and TLPs.Also, the dry tree arrangement is still not feasible. The SCRs deployedon the deep draft semi-submersibles usually still need to bestrengthened to meet the fatigue life requirement.

The second is a semi-submersible with a heave plate. The basic idea isto add a heave plate or pontoon at the keel that extends in deep draft.The heave plate or pontoon adds damping and added mass to the platformwhich will reduce its heave motion under wave conditions.

Most concepts based on the heave plate have the heave plate or pontoonas an extendable part at the bottom of the semi-submersible hull. Theheave plate or pontoon is retracted at the fabrication yard and duringtransportation. After the hull is located on site, the heave plate orpontoon is then extended or lowered to a deeper elevation and locked atthat position.

The known designs suffer several deficiencies. The hull has to be a newbuild and conversion of an existing semi-submersible hull is notpossible. The extendable columns take too much deck space. In some casesit could be as much as thirty percent of the total deck space, which isimpractical from a topsides equipment layout point of view. Thecolumn-to-deck connections are complicated. They are hard to build,risky during installation, and difficult to maintain. The advantage of alarge pontoon area for riser supports from the conventionalsemi-submersible hull is compromised.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The present invention addresses the deficiencies in the known art. Thehull includes four columns that are supported by two pontoons. Thecolumns support the topsides and the topsides structural framing servesas horizontal framing between the columns. Additional braces may beadded between columns and topsides framing as necessary. A truss spaceframe is attached to the columns. The truss space frame preferablyincludes heave plates and possibly a keel tank. The truss space frameextends downward below the pontoons a sufficient distance in the watercolumn that minimizes motions caused by wind and wave forces andeliminates the deficiencies in the known art. The hull sectionintegrated with topsides and the truss space frame are constructedseparately and assembled together at the offshore site where thestructure is used for drilling and/or production.

The various features of novelty which characterize the invention arepointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming partof this disclosure. For a better understanding of the present invention,and the operating advantages attained by its use, reference is made tothe accompanying drawings and descriptive matter, forming a part of thisdisclosure, in which a preferred embodiment of the invention isillustrated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification, andin which reference numerals shown in the drawings designate like orcorresponding parts throughout the same:

FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of the invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged detail view of the area indicated by numeral 2 inFIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged detail view of the area indicated by numeral 3 inFIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of the invention rotated ninety degreesfrom that in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a view of the invention taken along lines 5-5 in FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a view of the invention taken along lines 6-6 in FIG. 1.

FIG. 7-9 illustrate the general assembly of the invention in the field.

FIG. 10 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The invention is generally indicated by numeral 10 in FIGS. 1 and 4.Semi-submersible floating offshore structure 10 is generally comprisedof a buoyant hull 12 and a truss frame 14.

The hull 12 is comprised of four columns 16 that are supported on theirlower ends by at least two pontoons 18. The topside structural framing20 serves as horizontal bracing between the columns 16. The generalconstruction, arrangement, and assembly of the pontoons, columns, andtopside structural framing is generally known. Additional braces 42,seen in FIG. 7, may be provided on the hull 12 if desired. For ease ofillustration, the braces 42 are only shown in FIG. 7.

Even though the conventional semi-submersible hull design can be usedfor the invention, the preferred design is to use pontoons that arelarger and deeper and columns that are smaller in cross section. Thispreferred arrangement will provide better control of motions that havebeen a source of the above-referenced problems with conventionalsemi-submersible designs.

As an alternative embodiment, more columns, not shown, can be providedbetween the two columns on the same pontoon. This would result in threeor more columns on each pontoon.

The truss frame 14 is a space frame, preferably with a constant crosssection. Adjustable ballast means may be included in the truss frame 14.One example of adjustable ballast means illustrated is in the form of akeel tank 22. When the keel tank 22 is used, it is normally flooded withsea water when the structure is at its ballasted, operating position.Heavier slurry material can also be used as fixed ballast if required bydesign. Other ballast means may include the use of ballast material inthe legs 24 of the truss frame 14.

The truss frame 14 is comprised of four truss legs 24 connected togetherwith horizontal braces 26 (best seen in FIGS. 5 and 6) and X-braces 28.A horizontal plate 30 (heave plate) is attached to the truss frame 14and preferably spans across the horizontal plane of the truss frame 14.While the horizontal plate 30 may be positioned at any vertical locationon the truss frame 14, it is preferably provided at each horizontalframing location, except for the top framing location. The bottomhorizontal plate 30 will include the keel tank 22 when it is included inthe structure. The horizontal plates 30 are provided with bores 32 thatallow passage of risers 34 used for drilling or production. However, thesolid portion of the plates 30 preferably extends across the entirewidth and diameter of the truss frame 14 and also preferably are sizedand formed so as to extend beyond the truss legs 24 as seen in FIGS. 1and 4. Having the plates 30 extend beyond the truss legs 24 increasestheir effectiveness in controlling heave motions of the structure 10.While a number of horizontal plates 30 are illustrated, it should beunderstood that one or more plates may be used or, as seen in thealternate embodiment of FIG. 10, it is also possible to have nohorizontal plates.

The horizontal plates 30 form bays between the plates in the frame thateffectively trap a certain amount of water between the plates duringmovement caused by wave forces. The trapped water increases theeffective mass of the structure and thus reduces the motions of thestructure that are normally caused by these environmental forces.

The hull can be fabricated in the same way as a conventionalsemi-submersible with topsides integrated at a fabrication yardquayside. The truss frame can be fabricated in a similar manner to aconventional jacket in a fabrication yard.

Installation is carried out in the following manner.

The hull 12 with integrated topsides may be wet towed to the offshoresite and connected to the mooring lines 44 in a similar manner to theinstallation of a conventional FPS (Floating, Production, and Storagestructure) for storm safe securing of the structure. The truss frame 14may be transported to the offshore site on any suitable vessel such as amaterial barge or a launch barge.

The truss frame is then put into the water either by any suitable meanssuch as lift, launch, or float off. Once in the water, the truss frame14 is upended and ballasted to a position in which the top portion ofthe truss legs 24 are above the water line.

As seen in FIG. 7, the truss frame 14 is then pulled into position underthe hull 12 by any suitable means such as tug boats and/or winches onthe hull. The upper ends 36 of the truss legs 24 are aligned withsleeves 38 and connectors 40.

As seen in FIG. 8, the truss frame is deballasted so that the upper ends36 of the legs 24 are received through the sleeves 38 and into contactwith the connectors 40. This is best seen in the enlarged detail viewsof FIGS. 2 and 3.

The upper ends 36 of the legs 24 are rigidly attached to the connectors40 by any suitable means such as welding. Grippers not shown may be usedat the sleeves 38 to hold the legs 24 firmly in position until thewelding is completed. Once welding to the connectors 40 is completed, itis preferable that the sleeves 38 and legs 24 be grouted together toincrease the security of the connection between the hull 12 and trussframe 14.

As seen in FIG. 9, the entire structure is then ballasted down to itsnormal operating draft. At the normal operating draft, the truss frameextends downwardly from the hull a sufficient distance in the water suchthat the horizontal plates effectively trap water in a manner thatreduces the motions of the entire structure as described above.

FIG. 10 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the invention wherein nohorizontal plates are used. Adjustable ballast means, if desired in thetruss frame 14, may be provided in the legs 24.

The invention provides several advantages over the known art.

Known and proven construction techniques and equipment can be usedwithout the need for experimentation to develop special constructiontechniques.

The generally known advantages of a conventional semi-submersible arepresent, with the additional advantages of reduced motions and superiorstability.

The reduced motions of the invention allow the use of a dry tree riserarrangement.

The spacing of the columns 16 and number of bays in the truss frame 14may be configured so that the semi-submersible 10 behaveshydrodynamically similar to a conventional semi-submersible or a trussspar.

The hull and truss frame may be fabricated at different locations, whichcan result in greater ease of fabrication and transportation planning.

The number and elevations of the heave plates can be designed to suitdifferent environmental conditions.

The keel tank can be designed with or without fixed ballast to suitdifferent environmental conditions.

The weight of the truss frame does not increase the hull buoyancyrequirement since it replaces the weight of the ballast used in thepontoons in the prior known art.

The semi-submersible hull and truss frame are proven and acceptedstructures in the offshore industry.

Connection of two structures using a float over method is a proven andaccepted installation method in the offshore industry.

The structure is easily decommissioned simply by reversing theinstallation process after it is towed to a chosen site.

The structure can accommodate both drilling and production operations.

While specific embodiments and/or details of the invention have beenshown and described above to illustrate the application of theprinciples of the invention, it is understood that this invention may beembodied as more fully described in the claims, or as otherwise known bythose skilled in the art (including any and all equivalents), withoutdeparting from such principles.

1. A semi-submersible floating offshore structure, comprising: a. abuoyant hull; and b. a truss frame rigidly attached to said buoyanthull.
 2. The semi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 1,wherein said hull is comprised of a plurality of columns supported attheir lower ends by at least two pontoons and topside structural framingconnecting the columns together at their upper ends.
 3. Thesemi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 1, furthercomprising at least one horizontal plate attached to said truss frame.4. The semi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 3, whereinthe horizontal plate on said truss frame spans across the horizontalplane of said truss frame.
 5. The semi-submersible floating offshorestructure of claim 1, further comprising adjustable ballast meansincluded on said truss frame.
 6. The semi-submersible floating offshorestructure of claim 5, wherein said adjustable ballast means comprises akeel tank.
 7. A semi-submersible floating offshore structure,comprising: a. a buoyant hull; b. a truss frame rigidly attached to saidbuoyant hull; and c. adjustable ballast means included on said trussframe.
 8. The semi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 7,wherein said hull is comprised of a plurality of columns supported attheir lower ends by at least two pontoons and topside structural framingconnecting the columns together at their upper ends.
 9. Thesemi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 7, wherein saidadjustable ballast means comprises a keel tank.
 10. The semi-submersiblefloating offshore structure of claim 7, further comprising at least onehorizontal plate attached to said truss frame.
 11. The semi-submersiblefloating offshore structure of claim 10, wherein said horizontal platespans across the horizontal plane of said truss frame.
 12. Asemi-submersible floating offshore structure, comprising: a. a buoyanthull; b. a truss frame rigidly attached to said buoyant hull; and c. atleast one horizontal plate attached to said truss frame.
 13. Thesemi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 12, wherein saidhorizontal plate spans across the horizontal plane of said truss frame.14. The semi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 12,wherein said hull is comprised of a plurality of columns supported attheir lower ends by at least two pontoons and topside structural framingconnecting the columns together at their upper ends.
 15. Thesemi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 12, furthercomprising adjustable ballast means included on said truss frame. 16.The semi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 15, whereinsaid adjustable ballast means comprises a keel tank.
 17. Asemi-submersible floating offshore structure, comprising: a. a buoyanthull; b. a truss frame rigidly attached to said buoyant hull; c. atleast one horizontal plate attached to said truss frame; and d. meansincluded on said offshore structure for adjusting the ballast of saidoffshore structure.
 18. The semi-submersible floating offshore structureof claim 17, wherein said hull is comprised of a plurality of columnssupported at their lower ends by at least two pontoons and topsidestructural framing connecting the columns together at their upper ends.19. The semi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 17,wherein said means for adjusting ballast comprises a keel tank.
 20. Thesemi-submersible floating offshore structure of claim 17, wherein saidhorizontal plate spans across the horizontal plane of said truss frame.21. A method for attaching offshore equipment together, comprising thesteps: a. floating a first equipment piece into position; b. floating asecond equipment piece into position near the first equipment piece; c.moving the first and second equipment pieces into alignment with eachother; d. adjusting the ballast of at least one of the equipment piecesto cause the first and second equipment pieces to move closely adjacenteach other; and e. rigidly attaching the first and second equipmentpieces together.